Because of this, several other versions of him have been explored beyond just the main Marvel universe. Looking at some of the strongest and weakest interpretations, here is our list of the best and worst versions of Tony stark.

Though Tony Stark was seldom in the main House of M series, Marvel still explored the character's role within the universe. Unfortunately, for all the similarities this version of Tony shared with the main one, he couldn't quite measure up to the same type of character. For years, the House of M version of Tony developed weapons to be used against mutants, arguably making him one of the key villains. When sapiens ended up losing the war, Tony then developed armor for gladiator-style entertainment.

While this version was still a brilliant technician, it is easy to see why he is one of the worst versions of Tony around. Though not many are likely to know the film, it is definitely one of the stronger alternate versions of the character around. Likewise, the film also showcases some stronger depictions of Tony's supporting cast, doing characters like The Mandarin far more justice than Iron Man 3 ever did.

While the film isn't the best alternate depiction of Tony out there, many would be surprised with how underrated it truly is. As part of the Noir Marvel universe, Tony actually had a lot of potential, especially within a s setting.

Unfortunately, things didn't exactly work out for the character, as the story went in a rather strange direction. Disagree with our rankings? Nah, but seriously - share your thoughts in the comments! What movies would you swap, or would you throw our whole list away and start over? Let us know! Also, feel free to get a refresher with our quick recap of all 21 movies by checking out this story:.

Has it been a while since you've watched all of those other Marvel movies? We'll help get you up to speed. Note to readers: if you purchase something through one of our affiliate links we may earn a commission.

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From the opening of the arrogant Stark demonstrating his goods to an eager audience in Afghanistan before being captured by the Ten Rings terrorist group using weaponry he designed right up to the final moment where Tony tells the world he is Iron Man , this just works. It's a big-budget action flick that doesn't lose sight of being a nuanced character study about a man having a crisis of faith with who he is and who he wants to be.

The visuals are sincere and vibrant, capturing the zest and feel of the comic books they were inspired by. Downey Jr. Still, as great as it is, it's not quite the best Iron Man movie Anthony McGlynn is a member of ScreenRant's features team, freelance pop culture critic and heavy metal fan. Like the good little millennial he is, he began blogging about comics, movies, TV and video games in his spare time several years ago and worked his way up from there.

Its lineup of retirement accounts expands beyond just online access to robust account management capabilities via its mobile app.

Vanguard gets dinged slightly in our model for having high-ish account minimums for some of its services and an often-pricey fee structure for individual stocks, but it remains the gold standard for index funds and ETFs. An individual retirement account IRA is a retirement savings account that can be used to hold investments in a tax-efficient manner.

Think of an IRA as a tax-efficient container for holding investments. But we'll have more to say on that later… for now, let's look at the three most common types of individual retirement accounts:. Learn more and get started today with a special new member discount. An IRA offers several major advantages over a traditional brokerage account.

When deciding between a brokerage account vs. In a traditional brokerage account, any dividends, interest, or capital gains are taxable, whether you withdraw the proceeds or not. With a traditional IRA, you pay taxes only when you withdraw from the account. That allows you to lock in a gain and reinvest the money into another investment without paying taxes in between when you contribute and when you withdraw in retirement.

Likewise, a Roth IRA isn't taxed at all because it is funded with post-tax dollars. A simple example can really illustrate the benefits of using an IRA over a taxable account. We'll also simplify the scenario and assume that every time your account balance doubles, you sell your investments and reinvest elsewhere thus triggering taxes for the taxable investor. Realistically, most people don't employ such a strategy selling everything each time their balance doubles , but many investors frequently sell stocks or funds to rebalance their stock and bond allocation or to shift assets from high-cost funds to lower-cost funds, among other reasons.

As you can see, the taxable account rapidly falls behind the IRA because of the tax drag. This difference may seem small, but as you can see, it really adds up as your investments appreciate and your account balance grows. We think discount brokers the brokers you see on our list are the smartest place for individual investors to open an IRA.

That's because discount brokers have substantially reduced the cost of investing, which helps individual investors save more for retirement. Over time, the price of investing has only declined. Today, most online brokers offer free stock trades. Not all brokerage firms have reduced their trading prices, however. In theory, these high fees and commissions help traditional brokerages offer more hands-on attention and advice on which stocks or funds to buy.

In practice, high commissions also encourage brokers to sell products that carry higher commissions, so as to maximize their own compensation. We think that self-directed investors can do better on their own by selecting their own investments and putting the cost savings in their own pockets. If you'd like to compare top brokerages, see our expert reviews of the best online stock brokers.

While an individual retirement account offers more investment choices than virtually any other retirement account, the investments you can buy inside your IRA are ultimately limited by the selection your broker offers. Many investors use funds to simplify their IRA into a few key holdings. With just three funds, an investor could easily own every U.

If you use mutual funds and exchange-traded funds to build a portfolio, you'll want to be picky when choosing a broker. That's because mutual fund availability can differ from broker to broker. Choosing a broker that offers a large assortment of no-transaction-fee mutual funds can help you avoid commission expenses. This is particularly advantageous for people who are just starting out because this can save you a tremendous amount of money over time.

Investors who plan to invest in individual stocks in their IRAs can be less discerning when picking a brokerage. That's because virtually all brokers offer the same basic ability to buy or sell shares of companies listed on U. Investors who want to buy and sell individual stocks may find commissions, functionality of the broker's platform, and other features as being more important than fund investors do.

Given the virtually nonexistent difference in pricing among major online brokers, you'd be excused for picking, say, Merrill Edge because it can be linked to your Bank of America checking account, or selecting Charles Schwab because you already use it as your online bank.

Convenience is often worth more than just a couple bucks here and there. The amount you can contribute to an individual retirement account depends on the type of the account, your income, and in some cases, your age. The maximum contribution amounts for are detailed in the table below.

Keep in mind that these are the maximums -- you may be restricted based on your income and whether you have another retirement plan available through your employer. IRA contribution limits follow a weird calendar because you can contribute for any given year up to the tax filing date for that year. For example, if you want to make contributions for the tax year, you have until the tax deadline in April to do so.

The timeline extends to the tax filing day for tax-planning purposes. One big perk of individual retirement accounts is that you can rollover balances from an employer-sponsored plan like a k into an IRA.

This is great for long term growth. However, you will pay taxes on the money when it comes out. Also keep in mind that an IRA is what I like to call a "pay now, play later" plan. What I mean by that is that once the money goes into an IRA you will not be able to take the money out until you reach the age of 59 and a half. Like traditional k s, traditional IRAs allow you to avoid paying taxes now.

You'll also be taxed on any distributions you withdraw later in life. However, a Roth IRA might be a better choice if you expect to make more money as you get older.

If uncovered by an employer retirement account, a traditional IRA can be a good fit regardless of income. A traditional IRA is a great option if you do not have a retirement plan through your employer or if you are self-employed. You must have earned income to contribute each year. The other good news is that you have until April 15, for your contributions to count for the year. You can also open these accounts in addition to employer-sponsored plans like k s , so this could be a great way to boost your retirement savings.

If you are age 50 or older, you are also eligible for the catch-up provision, which is also allowed for a [Roth] IRA as well as an employer-based plan. But the important fact to know about a traditional IRA versus an employer's plan is that traditional IRAs, in terms of its deductibility, aren't based on your adjusted gross income. And since there is a cap on your income that relates to deductibility, it might make it less attractive as well because you might not just be eligible to make a deductible contribution.

A traditional IRA is good in providing tax advantages. Unlike a brokerage account, investors are not taxed on capital gains.

There can be a deduction for contributions. Investments grow tax-deferred until distributions are made. There are several reasons a traditional IRA could be considered a bad account type. Investors are taxed on withdrawals, which are usually much larger than initial contributions. Tax rates can be potentially higher for investors during retirement.

A traditional IRA is great for retirement savings, tax savings and investing. However, you are just pushing the tax liability down the road since you are required to pay income taxes on distributions. The good news is that you are allowed to let the money grow tax deferred until you begin to take distributions.

You may begin at age Know of all your options related to investments that can help support you in retirement. Think about whether you want to pay taxes now or later. With the traditional IRA, you would be paying taxes later. Don't open a traditional IRA or roll over your k without considering all of your options.

If you're unsure, make sure to put in the research or ask a financial professional that serves as a fiduciary to have confidence in how to best move forward. The investments inside an IRA are chosen by the account owner.

This makes the options almost endless. Also keep in mind it is designed for you to save money to be used in retirement, so do not put money in an IRA that you might need in the short term. This is not a good place for your emergency fund. Both independent accounts can be opened in addition to an employer-sponsored plan, but each account has different tax implications.

Disclosure: This post may highlight financial products and services that can help you make smarter decisions with your money. We do not give investment advice or encourage you to adopt a certain investment strategy. What you decide to do with your money is up to you. If you take action based on one of our recommendations, we get a small share of the revenue from our commerce partners.

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Best small business credit cards. Best balance transfer cards. Best student credit cards. Best starter credit cards. The best online brokerages for beginners. The best investment apps. The best stock trading apps. Wealthfront picks your investments based on your risk tolerance and time until retirement. Wealthfront chooses from investments in 11 asset classes, giving you a wide assortment of funds and increasing its diversification, which can reduce your risk.

Besides picking your investments, Wealthfront also brings some serious tools, including a robust financial planner that can help you track all your assets in one place. The management fee for Wealthfront is a reasonable 0.

Betterment is a robo-advisor that does all the heavy lifting — selecting the appropriate investments, diversifying the portfolio and allocating funds — so that you can focus on something else. And it does that at a reasonable cost, too. Betterment is one of the oldest and largest robo-advisors, and the company offers two tiers of service: Digital and Premium. In either case, Betterment will craft your portfolio based on your risk tolerance, time horizon and goals so that your portfolio meets the needs of your financial life.

Betterment Digital manages your investments from a selection of about a dozen exchange-traded funds and charges just 0. With its clean layout, helpful customer representatives, lack of commissions and all-around low fees, Fidelity is an excellent broker for beginning investors or those opening their first Roth IRA.

Fidelity also features a well-developed educational section, which is great for customers who are new to the new investing game and want to get up to speed quickly. Those investors opening their first Roth will appreciate how Fidelity makes it easy to invest, down to the little details like the layout of its web pages. Fidelity also takes a customer-first approach with its fees. The broker has slashed nearly all its fees, including pricey transfer fees.

It also chopped fees on its mutual funds, becoming the first broker to bring the expense ratio of mutual funds to zero for a handful of its own funds. You get all this for zero commission, too. Interactive Brokers does everything that traders and professionals need, and does it at high quality. It excels at global trading and reach, speedy execution and its advanced trading platforms. In short, Interactive Brokers is great for advanced traders. Options pricing has no base commission and a per-contract fee of 65 cents, making it highly competitive.

Interactive Brokers also does surprisingly well on mutual funds, offering more than 4, without a transaction fee, and you can also trade about 50 different ETFs commission-free. At Interactive Brokers, you can trade almost anything that trades on a public exchange: stocks, bonds, futures, metals and more.

Plus, you can access virtually any world market to make a trade, so the investing world is really at your fingertips. Altogether, these attributes make Interactive Brokers the best for active traders. Real estate is a popular investment , and because it tends to pay cash dividends, it can be a smart investment inside a Roth IRA, where dividends are earned tax-free.

These investments tend to offer sizable dividends and some opportunity for appreciation over time. This service will create a portfolio based on your financial needs, including when you want the money and how much risk you want to take.

Part Of. Defining Your Retirement Goals. Types of Retirement Accounts. Investment Options. Tax Considerations. Investing Brokers. Pros Low transaction fees, plus terrific order-routing technology that lowers the cost of a transaction by seeking out price improvement. Abundant online help, including a chatbot that can answer most customer queries. A wide range of assets can be traded, All ETFs trade commission-free. Cons The platform suffered some outages during heavy trading days, but Fidelity has been investing heavily in the infrastructure to keep the platforms steady.

Finding a particular tool or feature can be difficult due to the platform's menu system. Pros No-cost robo-advisory, Schwab Intelligent Portfolios, is a good place to start investing for retirement. All ETFs can be traded without incurring transaction fees. There is no report spelling out expected income.

Pros Merrill Edge gives you personalized portfolio analysis that includes any Bank of America accounts. Pros Wealthfront provides terrific financial planning that helps you see the big picture. Cons Wealthfront offers no online chat for customers or prospective customers.

Pros M1 allows you to trade fractional shares so you are fully invested. M1 charges zero trading fees or asset management fees. Cons The way M1 places trades puts transaction timing out of your control.

Betterment makes it easy to change portfolio risk or switch to a different type of portfolio. Cons Users of the planning function are constantly nudged to fund a Betterment account.

Methodology Investopedia is dedicated to providing investors with unbiased, comprehensive reviews and ratings of online brokers.

Article Sources. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work.

Here is the multiplication table where we use the one-line notation for permutations, where, as in the previous multiplication table, the column permutation is applied first and then the row permutation. Thus, with the left action convention, the row element is multiplied on the left and the column element on the right:. Further information: Element structure of symmetric group:S3. As for any symmetric group , cycle type determines conjugacy class. The cycle types, in turn, are parametrized by the unordered integer partitions of.

The conjugacy classes are described below. This group is one of three finite groups with the property that any two elements of the same order are conjugate. The other two are the cyclic group of order two and the trivial group. For an interpretation of the conjugacy class structure based on the other equivalent definitions of the group, visit Element structure of symmetric group:S3 Conjugacy class structure.

The classification of elements upto automorphism is the same as that upto conjugation; this is because the symmetric group on three elements is a complete group : a centerless group where every automorphism is inner. Further information: Endomorphism structure of symmetric group:S3. Since is a complete group, it is isomorphic to its automorphism group, where each element of acts on by conjugation.

In fact, for , the symmetric group is a complete group. Further information: Symmetric groups on finite sets are complete. Further information: Subgroup structure of symmetric group:S3.

Further information: Linear representation theory of symmetric group:S3. For context, there are groups of order 6. For instance, we can use the following assignment in GAP to create the group and name it :.

Conversely, to check whether a given group is in fact the group we want, we can use GAP's IdGroup function:. Jump to: navigation , search. In particular, it is a symmetric group of prime degree and symmetric group of prime power degree. It is the dihedral group of order six degree three , viz. It is the special linear group of degree two over the field of two elements. It turns out that, because of the nature of the prime two, it is also the projective special linear group of degree two , the general linear group of degree two , and the projective general linear group of degree two.

It is the general affine group of degree one over the field of three elements , i. It is the general semilinear group of degree one over the field of four elements , i. It is the von Dyck group with parameters , and in particular, is a Coxeter group.

In particular, it has the presentation where denotes the identity element :. In the Coxeter language, this is written as:. Multiplication table We portray elements as permutations on the set using the cycle decomposition. Element If we used the opposite convention i. Thus, with the left action convention, the row element is multiplied on the left and the column element on the right: Element Contents.

View a complete list of basic definitions in group theory Go through a guided tour for beginners to this wiki. Categories : Basic definitions in group theory Standard terminology Particular groups. Navigation menu Personal tools Log in. Namespaces Page Discussion. Views Read View source View history. Popular groups Symmetric group:S3 order 3! This page was last edited on 26 January , at Content is available under Attribution-Share Alike 3. Privacy policy About Groupprops Disclaimers Mobile view.

Contents 1 Definition 1. For a finite field, we may also write the group as where is the size of the field. Scientifica 8, 4 4 gold badges 18 18 silver badges 41 41 bronze badges. Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. Mark Bennet Mark Bennet Francesco Polizzi Francesco Polizzi 3, 8 8 silver badges 16 16 bronze badges. Cauchy Cauchy 3, 13 13 silver badges 32 32 bronze badges. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. Sign up using Facebook. Sign up using Email and Password.

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Later in life, he repudiated the theater, but the methods he imbibed as a young man emerged in his preaching. He put himself through Pembroke College, Oxford, by waiting on the wealthier students. While there, he fell in with a group of pious "methodists"—who called themselves "the Holy Club"—led by the Wesley brothers, John and Charles.

Under their influence, he experienced a "new birth" and decided to become a missionary to the new Georgia colony on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. When the voyage was delayed, Whitefield was ordained a deacon in the Anglican church and began preaching around London. He was surprised to discover that wherever he spoke, crowds materialized and hung on every word. These were no ordinary sermons. He portrayed the lives of biblical characters with a realism no one had seen before.

He cried, he danced, he screamed. Among the enthralled was David Garrick, then the most famous actor in Britain. Once, when preaching on eternity, he suddenly stopped his message, looked around, and exclaimed, "Hark!

Methinks I hear [the saints] chanting their everlasting hallelujahs, and spending an eternal day in echoing forth triumphant songs of joy. And do you not long, my brethren, to join this heavenly choir? Whitefield eventually made it to Georgia but stayed for only three months. When he returned to London, he found many churches closed to his unconventional methods.

He then experimented with outdoor, extemporaneous preaching, where no document or wooden pulpit stood between him and his audience. In , Whitefield set out for a preaching tour of the American colonies. Whitefield selected Philadelphia—the most cosmopolitan city in the New World—as his first American stop. But even the largest churches could not hold the 8, who came to see him, so he took them outdoors. Every stop along Whitefield's trip was marked by record audiences, often exceeding the population of the towns in which he preached.

Whitefield was often surprised at how crowds "so scattered abroad, can be gathered at so short a warning. The crowds were also aggressive in spirit. As one account tells it, crowds "elbowed, shoved, and trampled over themselves to hear of 'divine things' from the famed Whitefield. Once Whitefield started speaking, however, the frenzied mobs were spellbound. Open Directory Project: John Calvin. Yahoo Directory: John Calvin. Wikipedia: Colonial British North America.

Encarta: United States History. Colonial America — Maps, lesson plans, bibliographies, and curriculum content materials. Outline of U. State Department. Yahoo Directory: Colonial America. Wikipedia: Puritan. InfoPlease: Puritanism. Catholic Encyclopedia: Puritans. Encarta: Puritanism.

Fire and Ice: Puritan and Reformed Writings. Open Directory Project: Puritans Links. Wikipedia: First Great Awakening. Columbia Encyclopedia: Great Awakening.

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Yahoo Directory: Jonathan Edwards. Wikipedia: Gilbert Tennent. Columbia Encyclopedia: Gilbert Tennent. InfoPlease: Gilbert Tennent. Encarta: Gilbert Tennent.

Wikipedia: George Whitefield. Columbia Encyclopedia: George Whitefield. InfoPlease: George Whitefield. Encarta: George Whitefield. Selected Sermons of George Whitefield. Yahoo Directory: George Whitefield Links. Wikipedia: James Davenport. Religion in Eighteenth-Century America. Religion and the American Revolution. National Humanities Center: The 17th and 18th Centuries. Puritanism and Predestination. First Great Awakening. Hall, Central Michigan University.

Puritanism in America. The Great Awakening. Religion and Revolution. Colonial Williamsburg: Religion and Revolution. Alumni Volunteers The Boardroom Alumni.

Curriculum Materials. Add Event. Main Menu Home. The Evangelicals The Christian idea of being born again through a conversion process had its roots in the Protestant Reformation in Europe. New Light vs. Old Light Toward the end of his spectacular revival tour of America, Whitefield joined with Gilbert Tennent in criticizing unconverted ministers. The Aftermath In the aftermath of the Great Awakening, hundreds of new, mainly evangelical, churches formed after separating from the established churches.

For Discussion and Writing 1. Was the Great Awakening a rehearsal for the American Revolution? History Colonial America — Maps, lesson plans, bibliographies, and curriculum content materials.

Who originally settled the colony. Q: Which great awakening preacher warned people that God would punish them if they did not change their ways? Write your answer Related questions. What Great Awakening preacher warned people that God would punish them if they did not change their ways? Which great awakening Preacher warned people that god would punish them if they did not change their ways-?

What great awakening preacher warned people that God would punish them if they didn't change their ways? What great awakening preacher warned people if they didn't change their ways god would punish them?

What great awakening preacher warned the people that god would punish them if they did not change their ways? Which great awakening preacher warned that God would punish them if they did not change their ways? Which great awakening preacher warrned people that god would punish them if they did not change their ways? A principle of the Great Awakening was belief in? How do Buddhism people punish people?

Why do we punish people? Did the leaders want to punish Germany after World War 1? Will God punish people for their thoughts? When your dog bites people how do you punish them? How did Cleopatra punish people? Does god punish people? What to do if your dog humps people? What are the objects of punishment? How did the sumerians punish people? Who punished people in the middle ages? Are prisons meant to reform or punish? How did the church punish people in the Victorian era? What were the laws to punish American people in the Boston Tea Party?

What were flails used for? How did Queen Elizabeth punish people? How did ancient egyptians punish people? People also asked.

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Ref country code : CY. Ref country code : IS. Ref country code : MK. Ref country code : MT. Ref country code : TR. Ref country code : AL. Ref legal event code : FD2A. Year of fee payment : Provisional Patent Application Serial No. The present disclosure relates generally to electronic devices. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to devices for adaptively encoding and decoding a watermarked signal.

In the last several decades, the use of electronic devices has become common. In particular, advances in electronic technology have reduced the cost of increasingly complex and useful electronic devices. Cost reduction and consumer demand have proliferated the use of electronic devices such that they are practically ubiquitous in modern society.

As the use of electronic devices has expanded, so has the demand for new and improved features of electronic devices. More specifically, electronic devices that perform functions faster, more efficiently or with higher quality are often sought after. Some electronic devices e. These electronic devices may encode speech signals for storage or transmission.

For example, a cellular phone captures a user's voice or speech using a microphone. For instance, the cellular phone converts an acoustic signal into an electronic signal using the microphone. This electronic signal may then be formatted for transmission to another device e. Improved quality or additional capacity in a communicated signal is often sought for. For example, cellular phone users may desire greater quality in a communicated speech signal.

As can be observed from this discussion, systems and methods that allow efficient signal communication may be beneficial. An embedding judgement determines whether or not data should be embedded in a predetermined parameter code using control parameters.

In particular, if a frame is judged to be non-speech, then data is embedded. The publication B. Geiser and P. The invention is defined by the electronic devices according to claims 1,6, the methods according to claims 12, 13 and a computer-program product according to claim The systems and methods disclosed herein may be applied to a variety of electronic devices. Examples of electronic devices include voice recorders, video cameras, audio players e.

One kind of electronic device is a communication device, which may communicate with another device. Examples of communication devices include telephones, laptop computers, desktop computers, cellular phones, smartphones, wireless or wired modems, e-readers, tablet devices, gaming systems, cellular telephone base stations or nodes, access points, wireless gateways and wireless routers. Other examples of standards that a communication device may comply with include IEEE For example, some communication devices may communicate with other devices using an Ethernet protocol.

In one configuration, the systems and methods disclosed herein may be applied to a communication device that communicates with another device using a satellite. As used herein, the term "couple" may denote a direct connection or an indirect connection. For example, if a first component is coupled to a second component, the first component may be directly connected to the second component or may be indirectly connected to the second component through a third component, for example.

The systems and methods disclosed herein describe adaptive watermarking. For example, the systems and methods disclosed herein may be used for adaptive watermarking for algebraic code excited linear prediction ACELP codecs. Watermarking or data hiding in speech codec bitstreams allows the transmission of extra data in-band with no changes to the network infrastructure.

This can be used for a range of applications e. One possible application of the systems and methods disclosed herein is bandwidth extension, in which one codec's bitstream e. Decoding the carrier bitstream and the hidden bits allows synthesis of a bandwidth that is greater than the bandwidth of the carrier codec e.

For example, a standard narrowband codec can be used to encode a kilohertz kHz low-band part of speech, while a kHz high-band part is encoded separately. The bits for the high band may be hidden within the narrowband speech bitstream. In this case, wideband may be decoded at the receiver despite using the legacy narrowband bitstream. In another example, a standard wideband codec may be used to encode a kHz low-band part of speech, while a kHz high-band part is encoded separately and hidden in the wideband bitstream.

In this case, super-wideband may be decoded at the receiver despite using the legacy wideband bitstream. The bits are hidden by restricting the number of allowed pulse combinations. In the case of AMR-NB, where there are two pulses per track, one approach includes constraining the pulse positions so that an exclusive OR XOR of the two pulse positions on a given track are equal to the watermark to transmit.

One or two bits per track may be transmitted this way. In practice, this can add significant distortion as it may significantly alter the main pitch pulses. This may be especially detrimental for bandwidth extension applications where the low band excitation is used to generate the high band excitation, as the low band degradation may also cause degradation in the high band.

In the systems and methods disclosed herein, the watermark is made adaptive. Instead of embedding a fixed number of bits per pulse track e. This may be done, for example, using information already present at both an encoder and decoder, such that information indicating which tracks are perceptually most important does not need to be additionally or separately transmitted.

In one configuration, a long term prediction LTP contribution may be used to protect the most important tracks from the watermark. For instance, the LTP contribution normally exhibits clear peaks at the main pitch pulse, and may be available already at both encoder and decoder.

In one example, two tracks corresponding to the highest absolute values of the LTP contribution may be deemed important or designated "high priority" tracks and are not watermarked. The other three tracks are likely to be less important and may be designated or referred to as "low priority" tracks, for example , and may receive a watermark. Thus, if the three remaining tracks are watermarked with two bits each, this leads to six bits of watermark per five millisecond ms subframe, for a total of 1.

One refinement provided by the systems and methods disclosed herein may include replacing the LTP contribution by a memory-limited LTP contribution because the LTP signal is sensitive to errors and packet losses and errors may propagate indefinitely. This may lead to the encoder and decoder being out of sync for long periods after an erasure or bit errors. Instead, a memory-limited version of the LTP may be constructed based only on the quantized pitch values and codebook contributions of the last N frames plus the current frame.

Gains may be set to unity. It should be noted that the original LTP may be used for the low band coding. In some configurations, the memory-limited LTP may be used solely for determining the priority of the tracks for watermarking purposes. Adapting the watermark to the speech characteristics may allow better speech quality by hiding the watermark where it is perceptually less important. In particular, preserving the pitch pulse may have a positive impact on speech quality.

When the systems and methods described herein are not used, for instance, the quality impact of a watermark at the same bit rate may be more severe.

In some configurations, the systems and methods disclosed herein may be used to provide a codec that is a backward interoperable version of narrowband AMR For convenience, this codec may be referred to as "eAMR" herein, though the codec could be referred to using a different term.

This may provide true wideband encoding and not blind bandwidth extension. The watermark used may have a negligible impact on narrowband quality for legacy interoperation. With the watermark, narrowband quality may be slightly degraded in comparison with AMR In some configurations, an encoder may detect a legacy remote through not detecting a watermark on the return channel, for example and stop adding watermark, returning to legacy AMR In some configurations, eAMR may require new handsets with wideband acoustics, for example.

However, this may or may not affect eAMR operation. AMR-WB may offer true wideband quality. AMR-WB may use a bit rate of AMR-WB may require new handsets with wideband acoustics, for example and infrastructure modifications. More detail on one example of an AMR The codebook excitation is made of pulses and allows efficient computations. In Enhanced Full Rate EFR , each 20 millisecond ms frame of samples, for example is split into 4x5 ms frames of 40 samples.

Each subframe of 40 samples is split into five interleaved tracks with eight positions per track. Two pulses and one sign bit may be used per track, where the order of pulses determines the second sign. Stacking may be allowed. One example of tracks, pulses, amplitudes and positions that may be used according to an ACELP fixed codebook is given in Table 1.

One example of a watermarking scheme is given as follows. A watermark may be added to a fixed codebook FCB by limiting the pulse combinations allowed. Watermarking in an AMR Basically, the XOR of the last bit of the two indexes pos0 and pos1 may be constrained to be equal to the chosen bit of information to be transmitted e. This leads to one bit per track e. For instance, the XOR of the two least significant bits LSBs of the indexes may be constrained to be the two bits of information to be transmitted.

For example, a search may be performed over pulse positions that will decode into the correct watermark. This approach may provide low complexity.

In this approach, however, the main pitch pulse may be significantly affected e. In accordance with the systems and methods disclosed herein, tracks with the most impact may be identified and not watermarked.

In one approach, a long term prediction LTP contribution may be used to identify two important e. However, this approach may require an identical LTP contribution at an encoder and a decoder.

In another approach, limited-memory LTP may be used. In this approach, an LTP contribution may be recomputed using only M past frames of excitation and pitch lags. This may eliminate error propagation beyond M frames. It should be noted that a single frame loss may imply that potentially three frames are lost for a high band when a bad frame indication from the low band is provided to the high band.

More specifically, a bad frame indication BFI is a flag that a channel decoder provides to a speech decoder, indicating when it has failed to properly decode a frame. The decoder may then ignore the received data and perform error concealment. Error concealment may then be performed on the high band e.

It should be noted that although a For example, one operating point of eAMR is In one configuration of the systems and methods disclosed herein, lower rates may be used e.

Thus, bandwidth switching between narrowband and wideband, for example may be a challenge. Wideband speech, for example, may be maintained with lower rates of eAMR. Each rate may use a watermarking scheme. For example, the watermarking scheme used for a A limited-memory LTP scheme could be used for other rates.

Table 2 illustrates examples of bit allocations per frame for differing rates. Table 2 Rate kbps One configuration of the systems and methods disclosed herein may be used for the extension of code-excited linear prediction CELP speech coders using watermarking techniques to embed data.

Wideband e. However, the majority of existing mobile communication networks support narrowband coding only e. Deploying wideband coders e. Furthermore, the next generation of services may support wideband coders e. Again, operators may eventually face the costs of deploying yet another codec to move customers to super-wideband. One configuration of the systems and methods disclosed herein may use an advanced model that can encode additional bandwidth very efficiently and hide this information in a bitstream already supported by existing network infrastructure.

The information hiding may be performed by watermarking the bitstream. One example of this technique watermarks the fixed codebook of a CELP coder. For example, the upper band of a wideband input e. In another example, the upper band of a super-wideband input e.

Other secondary bitstreams, perhaps unrelated to bandwidth extension, may be carried as well. This technique allows the encoder to produce a bitstream compatible with existing infrastructures. A legacy decoder may produce a narrowband output with a quality similar to standard encoded speech without the watermark, for example , while a decoder that is aware of the watermark may produce wideband speech. Various configurations are now described with reference to the Figures, where like element names may indicate functionally similar elements.

Do you want to get pizza tonight? Figure 1. The communication process. Encoding, media, and decoding Hawkins, Encoded messages are sent through a channel, or a sensory route, on which a message travels to the receiver for decoding.

If your roommate has headphones on and is engrossed in a video game, you may need to get their attention by waving your hands before you can ask them about dinner. This model focuses on the sender and message within a communication encounter. Although the receiver is included in the model, this role is viewed as more of a target or end point rather than part of an ongoing process.

Moreover, temporal-spatial image processing is performed so that the difficult-to-compress noise components are removed in advance from the 4K images. That enables achieving control on the decline in the feel of resolution at a low bit rate. For that reason, even in the case in which the additional bit rate is set to 10 Mbps, it becomes possible to maintain the feel of resolution of the 4K images.

In order to distribute videos of 4K resolution, it is necessary to have the bit rate of, for example, about 30 Mbps. However, as a result of implementing the HEVC encoding technology, the additional transmission bandwidth that is required can be reduced to about 10 Mbps that is one-third of 30 Mbps. In a narrow-bandwidth video transmission system in which SHVC is used, reference images are shared in advance between the transmission side and the reception side.

The transmission side transmits encoding data representing only the difference with the reference images. The reception side decodes the received encoding data using the reference images shared in advance. Since the encoding data represents only the difference with the reference images, it becomes possible to reduce the volume of data and to perform video streaming having excellent bandwidth usage efficiency.

According to an embodiment, an encoding device includes a storage controller, a difference generator, and a communication controller. The storage controller is configured to store a base stream in a storage. The base stream serves as basis for encoding and decoding and is shared with a decoding device. The difference generator is configured to generate a difference bit stream that represents difference between an input bit stream that has been input and the base stream. The communication controller is configured to control a communicating unit to transmit the difference bit stream.

Exemplary embodiments of a streaming system are described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The streaming system according to the embodiments is, for example, a system that transmits and receives videos for surveillance purposes. An encoder on the transmission side generates in advance, for each predetermined screen pattern, a base stream of, for example, intra-picture NAL units serving as the basis for encoding and decoding, and stores the base stream.

Each generated base stream is also stored in the decoder on the reception side. Thus, the base streams are shared between the encoder side and the decoder side. The timing of storing the base streams in the decoder on the reception side can be at the time of the factory shipment or the initial setup of the decoder on the reception side. Alternatively, the base streams are dynamically updated in an asynchronous or synchronous manner during the actual stream transmission.

In the case of encoding input videos, the encoder makes use of the base streams shared with the decoder side and encodes the input videos; and, based on the encoding state, generates difference bit streams of P picture NAL units, for example.

Thus, only the difference bit streams are transmitted to the decoder. That enables achieving reduction in the volume of data to be transmitted.

Moreover, the difference bit streams to be transmitted to the decoder can have information included therein to indicate whether or not base streams are used. The decoder on the receiver side makes use of the base streams shared in advance and the received difference bit streams, and reconfigures bit streams equivalent to having the identical image quality and the identical resolution to the bit streams that were originally supposed to be generated by the encoder.

In other words, the decoder reconfigures the bit streams that are reproduced using the base streams shared in advance and the received difference bit streams and that represent the state in which the screens corresponding to the difference bit streams are encoded.

Then, the decoder decodes the reconfigured streams and displays them. Hence, during screen transmission, it becomes possible to perform video streaming having excellent bandwidth usage efficiency.

Moreover, it becomes possible to make a dedicated decoder redundant. Furthermore, the amount of processing for reconfiguration can be reduced as compared to the transcode too. Thus, the receiving device decoder can be implemented using a general-purpose decoder chip and an inexpensive central processing unit CPU , thereby enabling achieving reduction in the cost of the streaming system. As illustrated in FIG. The server device 1 and the client device 2 are connected to each other via a network 3 such as the Internet.

The server device 1 performs scalable expansion of predetermined video streams using the SHVC encoding technology; lowers the bitrate of high-resolution video signals, such as 4K video signals or 8K video signals, while maintaining the feel of high resolution thereof; and distributes the video signals via the network 3.

The client device 2 represents a general-purpose HEVC decoder that, as described later, decodes the video signals that have been subjected to SHVC encoding and reproduces the decoded video signals without any special configuration. The decoded video signals are either displayed on a monitor device or recorded in a recorder device. The CPU 11 to the communicating unit 15 are connected to each other via a bus line The HDD 14 is used to store an encoding program for encoding video streams.

The CPU 11 performs operations according to the encoding program and functions as an encoder 17 for performing SHVC encoding of video streams and distributing encoded video streams. The CPU 21 to the communicating unit 25 are connected to each other via a bus line The HDD 24 is used to store a decoding program for decoding the SHVC-encoded video streams that are transmitted from the server device 1.

The CPU 21 performs operations according to the decoding program and functions as a decoder 27 for decoding the video streams received from the server device 1.

The following explanation is given for an example in which the encoder 17 and the decoder 27 are implemented using software.

This layer varies, however. Insulating the upper layers from complexities of the other layers is accomplished by providing functions necessary to guarantee a reliable network link. Examples include error recovery and flow control between the two end points of the network connection. The session layer oversees user connections and manages the interaction between different stations.

Services include session establishment, maintenance and termination, as well as session support. The presentation layer formats the data that is presented to the application layer. These transformations provide a common interface for user applications. The layer provides character code translation, data conversion, data compression and data encryption. The final layer serves as the window for users and application process to access network services.

The application layer provides a wealth of services due to the potentially wide variety of applications involved. These can include remote file and printer access, resource sharing and device redirection, directory services and electronic messaging. Data encoding is a basic concept within computer science. With an online computer science degree from Concordia University Texas, you can learn the knowledge and skills needed to pursue a rewarding career in this field. These graduates also have a high full-time employment rate You understand that these contacts may be generated using automated technology and that you are not required to give this consent to enroll in programs with the school.

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Children whose mothers used hormonal birth control while nursing have been followed as late as 17 years of age. The exception to this is the very young baby — less than 6 weeks old. Any hormonal birth control may cause fussiness in the baby not reported in the literature but often anecdotally by mothers.

Effects on mother: If you had gestational diabetes during pregnancy, talk to your doctor about the safety of using the mini-pill while breastfeeding. Contraception and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Latina women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.

This study of more than Latinas found that those who had been diagnosed with gestational diabetes and then took mini-pills while breastfeeding had an almost threefold risk of developing type II diabetes within a year, compared with those who used different contraception.

This study concentrated on Hispanic women, and thus it is not clear whether the results can be applied to all ethnic groups. Intravenous urography during lactation. J Radiol. Excretion of metrizamide in milk. Br J Radiol. Breastfeeding and radiologic procedures. Can Fam Physician. Apr ; 53 4 : — Excretion of iohexol and metrizoate in human breast milk.

Acta Radiol ; 28 5 Presse Med. Quality Initiatives Guidelines for use of medical imaging during pregnancy and lactation.

Radiographics ; Imaging of pregnant and lactating patients: Part 1. This website uses cookies to improve your experience but you can opt-out if you wish. Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.

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Choosing the right contraception if you choose to breastfeed is an important part of your post-partum plan. If you do choose to breastfeed, we recommend non-hormonal or progestogen-only methods of contraception, as research shows these methods are safe for breastfeeding mothers and the development of their babies.

Some options include the contraceptive implant Jadelle , the Depo Provera injection, the progestogen only pill, or condoms. The ECP can also be used safely any time while breastfeeding. You can read all about our post-partum contraception advice on our advice page. Breastfeeding can also be a form of contraception for the first six months after giving birth, but this method is difficult to use effectively. Ask your nurse or midwife about how this works and what you need to be aware of during this time.

You may have side-effects from the injection, such as mood changes, stomach discomfort and headaches. These effects can last for up to 12 weeks. A small plastic rod is inserted under the skin on the inside of your upper arm. It slowly releases progestogen to stop your ovaries from releasing an egg each month.

Your bleeding pattern will probably change, and may even stop. Side-effects of the contraceptive skin implant may include skin changes, mood changes or minor weight gain.

A small contraceptive device is placed in your uterus and prevents you getting pregnant conceiving. Natural methods or fertility awareness methods of contraception include rhythm, symptothermal, cervical mucus observation and basal temperature methods.

A woman needs to observe her bodily signs daily or, depending on the method, more than once a day to determine when she is potentially fertile during the menstrual cycle. Practising natural methods of contraception requires women to abstain from sex or use contraception when they can get pregnant. Natural methods of contraception rely on abstinence and the detection of signs and symptoms of fertility.

For this reason, its use may be particularly difficult after childbirth and breastfeeding. Female sterilisation is called tubal ligation and involves blocking the fallopian tubes. Male sterilisation is called vasectomy. It involves cutting the tubes that carry sperm from the testes to the penis.

These operations are more than 99 per cent effective. They are intended to be permanent, so they are suitable for people who are confident that they do not want any more children. If you are considering sterilisation, arrange a medical consultation with your doctor. They will provide you with all the appropriate information and enable you to give your informed consent for this surgery. The emergency contraceptive pill should be taken as soon as possible after unprotected sex for maximum effectiveness.

It is not per cent effective in preventing a pregnancy and is more effective the sooner it is taken. There are two types of emergency contraceptive pill, both available at pharmacies without a prescription:. Ulipristal has been clinically demonstrated to be more effective than levonorgestrel in reducing the risk of pregnancy when taken up to five days hours after unprotected sex.

It is not recommended when breastfeeding because it is excreted in breastmilk and its effects on infants are unknown. The vaginal ring works in the same way as the combined pill. It contains hormones that prevent your ovaries from releasing an egg each month. It is not recommended if you are breastfeeding a child under six weeks because it can reduce the supply of breastmilk. The ring sits high in your vagina for three weeks, then you remove it for one week so you have a regular monthly bleed.

The pill has two hormones that stop your ovaries from releasing an egg each month. Aside from preventing pregnancy, the pill may also reduce your bleeding each month, help with acne, and lessen premenstrual symptoms.

The combined pill is With typical use, it is slightly less effective. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:.

These materials comprise recommended exercises, recommended readings and internet resources. BSc Hons Computing. We also provide you with one-to-one support and contextualised learning, so that you fully understand the latest developments and concepts being put into practice.

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This programme has been designed to help you develop and manage software for a range of professional objectives, with a particular focus on current trends. BSc in Computer Science. Areas like computing and information technology, security, database and web development will be explored. The degree will provide students with both theoretical and practical computer science knowledge and skills thus enabling them to work in the industrial, banking, commercial and government sector.

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The course is new to the undergraduate portfolio and works to give students both the creative and technical skills needed to succeed in the industry.

Plan your career with us! A degree in Computer and Information Technology gives you a grounding in a broad range of information technology subjects as well as the skills to manage and administrate complex digital infrastructure. The course develops applied computing, interpersonal, communication and IT skills and readies graduates to develop, select, deliver, manage and maintain cutting-edge IT infrastructures and advanced IT systems.

It is ideal for students who are interested in IT and are keen to learn programming, web development, database design and human-computer interaction, it also requires team working skills and nuanced interpersonal interaction. BSc in Computing and Information Technology. Click here to know more!

Apply for February or September Discover more about our courses. Study with SAE Institute! Please wait. Need some help? Luna Online. Hi there, I'm Luna. We know things aren't easy right now, but I can help you find your perfect course and uni. Would you like some help in your search? As the data below shows, many computer science careers require a college degree. Salaries vary depending on job title, location, and professional experience. Professions that require a higher degree often pay higher salaries.

Should you earn a computer science degree in the U. Do you need a bachelor's degree or a master's degree? Find the answers and learn more about the top computer science programs with the following resources. Careers in the tech sector require strong computer programming skills. These links can help you learn more about online computer programming certificates and degrees. Information technology professionals combine business skills with computing technologies to serve organizations' tech needs.

Learn more about undergraduate and graduate IT programs through our rankings. A computer engineering degree combines computer science with engineering principles, preparing graduates for careers in STEM. Check out our ranking of the top online computer engineering programs to learn more.

Best Computer Information Systems Programs A computer information systems degree blends business and technology to solve information management problems. Learn more about the best online computer information systems programs with our ranking. Earning the right computer science degree can help launch your career. Before declaring a major, learn about the differences between computer science, computer information systems, and computer engineering degrees.

Computer science and IT degrees both prepare graduates for successful careers. Check out these career guides to learn about earning potential, job requirements, and advancement opportunities for computer science graduates. Computer science programs have competitive admission requirements.

How can you make your application stand out? Learn more about getting into a computer science program with the following resources. Earning a computer science degree can cost thousands of dollars. Enrollees can save money and lower student debt by learning about scholarships, financial aid, and student loan options.

Computer science students have a lot of options. These resources can help you think through your questions. Most students know that they should choose accredited colleges. But why does accreditation matter, and how can applicants find accredited programs? Check out our resource on accreditation for answers to all your questions. Alejandro Cantarero builds data-driven products. Most recently, he has brought that expertise to his role as CTO at Nami ML to help companies with apps create happy customers through their subscription experiences.

His previous roles include VP of data at Tribune Publishing and the Los Angeles Times, where he led teams of analysts, data scientists, consumer researchers, and engineers in building data products to improve the digital news experience. He has a Ph. A bachelor of science. I also have a bachelor of science in applied mathematics, a master of arts in mathematics, and a doctorate in mathematics. Initially, I enjoyed the problem-solving nature of programming. As my studies continued, I got very interested in how math could be applied to solve real-world problems.

The first spot I encountered this was in a required course for all computer science majors on linear algebra. The class had an option to do a project in image processing, where I learned to write programs to automatically find and extract objects inside of images. After completing this course project, I shifted my computer science focus to numerical computation and took more courses in applied mathematics.

My area of focus was numerical computation, with an emphasis on numerical linear algebra and computational differential equations. I focused on two different application areas: image processing, including deblurring, segmentation, compression, and building 3D simulations of solid materials, including skin and muscle tissue.

I left academics shortly after finishing my Ph. I now build data-driven products for companies. I've also worked in the data science field, most recently as VP of data at two different journalism companies, Tribune Publishing and the Los Angeles Times, building tools to increase engagement with digital news products and accelerate the transition of subscribers to the online news from the print paper.

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What can you do with saved courses? Find out more What can I do with a Computing and Digital Technology degree? Computer Science and Programming Our Computer Science , Visual Effects , Digital Media Computing and Computer Games Technology degrees will give you the knowledge to create exciting and useful things like smart phones, games, medical simulation, self-driving cars and 3D printed prosthetic limbs. Careers with these degrees can include: Simulation Specialist : You will develop worlds for virtual testing for industries such as Aerospace, Medical, or even the Army.

Secure Computer Networks Our Computer Networks and Security , Cyber Security and Digital Forensics degrees will provide you with the skills needed to understand exactly how the internet works, and teach you how to build, manage and secure large networks. Careers include: Visualisation Engineer: Work with leading companies to analyse data and trends.

Information and Web Technology Studying an information and web technology course will equip you with skills to tackle business problems with efficient tech solutions. Study a degree in Computing and Digital Technology Take a look through our range of Computing and Digital Technology degrees and find the right one for you.

Ask your potential provider how additional data is charged before signing on to a limited plan. The benefit of longer-term contracts is that many service providers may sweeten the deal by providing a modem and free connection — the catch being that if you want to get out of the contract early you may have to pay out the contract or a hefty exit fee.

On the flipside, on contracts with no lock-in, you may have to pay a connection fee and for the modem. When deciding on a new broadband plan , look at the different bundles providers offer, as this may save you money on extras such as a home phone and Foxtel. Be aware that if you bundle your internet and home phone, often just the phone line rental, not the phone calls you make, are covered.

As with streaming, different providers will have individual arrangements as to how many and what kind of phone calls local, international, mobile are included before you start getting charged. To find the right plan for your household, do some research online, compare broadband plans , and speak to your friends and family about their experiences and recommendations.

With an array of superfast fibre and standard broadband packages to choose from, there's a lot to get to grips with when you're looking for a broadband deal that will meet your needs. To help you make the very best buying decision, we've matched broadband products and providers to the kinds of web users we think they most suit. If you're just starting out and don't know yet what you'll use the internet for, it's a good idea to choose an ADSL broadband package.

This way, you'll avoid paying for super fast speeds that you may not need if all you're doing is checking e-mails or watching the odd YouTube clip. Starting out small and working your way up is a better bet for beginners than buying too much: If at a later date you find you need a faster, more expensive broadband product, providers will happily allow you to upgrade mid-contract. Downgrading from an expensive product to a cheaper one generally isn't permitted, however.

If an affordable service is what you're after, find some of the latest cheap broadband deals with Uswitch. If you enjoy downloading HD movies or if you make extensive use of TV streaming services like Netflix or Amazon Prime Video, you're classified as a heavy user, so it's important to make sure whatever broadband package you sign up for has unlimited downloads.

Nearly all packages these days do, but it's a good idea to make sure. Heavy users may want to consider paying extra for fibre broadband. Fibre is faster than standard broadband and means you'll be able to download movies, music and games a lot quicker so you'll spend less time waiting and buffering and more time enjoying your entertainment of choice. Families are also almost certain to be heavy users, especially in homes with teenagers who've grown up with the web.

With four or more people in a household, all of whom are likely to be using a range of web-enabled gadgets and going online simultaneously, you'll likely want to sign up for a fibre broadband package to ensure your connection is smooth. It's also worth keeping an eye out for which broadband providers offer parental controls so you can keep your kids safe online.

Most providers do include it as standard, but before signing up for a package, check the provider's website. What sets student broadband apart from other broadband packages is that contracts last nine months instead of the month or month terms that usually apply. The shorter contract term means students don't have to pay for broadband during the long summer holiday, during which time they're likely to be at home and not occupying their student digs.

Be careful, though: a lot of student broadband packages include set-up fees, so it pays to sit down and do the math to see whether you're better off with a student broadband package or a cheaper, longer contract. You can find a good value student broadband deal here. If you're looking for a basic deal to keep in touch with your family and occasionally surf the internet, it'd make sense to compare broadband and landline deals that are packaged together.

Our broadband and home phone deals page displays home internet deals that have cheap landlines for seniors, so you can stay connected with your loved ones without overpaying for services you don't need. If you're a pensioner searching for your first broadband service, our broadband and home phone deals will let you keep your landline, and bundle both bills into a simple, single monthly payment. If you run a business, you're probably better off signing up for a broadband package that's tailored to the needs of enterprises.

If you're interested in fibre broadband, it's worth noting that very few "fibre" packages actually offer a fibre connection from your house all the way through to the exchange.

Instead the vast majority use fibre to connect the exchange to the cabinet in your street and then switch to the phone line for the final leg into your house. Compare these broadband deals using our super fast fibre broadband and ultra fast fibre broadband reviews. Learn more about this 'gigabit' broadband in our guide on the benefits of fibre broadband. Fast speeds allow for quicker downloads, uninterrupted streaming and also help to reduce the problems caused when different family members log on at the same time.

They let you seamlessly enjoy services such as online radio, video on-demand and catch-up TV at the same time, while fibre's faster upload speeds also make life easier when you're sharing photos online or making video calls for work. As the table below illustrates, at its fastest the difference between downloading a film from a service such as iTunes is about 90 seconds for fibre optic vs around 20 minutes for ADSL.

A good fibre connection should put an end to any stuttering and buffering of on-demand TV, too. Check the speed of your broadband package with our broadband speed checker. Superfast broadband is now very competitively priced when compared to standard broadband. Standard broadband can be adequate for browsing the web, checking emails, uploading the odd photo to Facebook and even streaming from BBC iPlayer or Netflix, but it's worth checking you can't get a more affordable superfast deal before committing.

For iPlayer you need 2Mbps of sustained bandwidth to watch standard-definition content or 3Mbps for high-definition, while the minimum recommended broadband speed for Netflix is 1. However, you will likely benefit from a speedier connection if you regularly:. Keep in mind that fibre doesn't only offer faster speeds - fibre connections are usually more reliable too, so it's worth considering upgrading if your standard connection drops out regularly. Compare the packages on offer using our superfast fibre broadband reviews.

A connection is generally considered 'ultrafast' if it's Mbps or faster. Some of the providers that use the Openreach network - such as BT and TalkTalk - offer ultrafast connections, but only to customers in certain parts of the country. Virgin Media is one major provider that doesn't use the Openreach network. Instead it uses its own fibre optic cables to connect its street cabinets to the phone exchange and then uses coaxial cables to link the cabinet to customers' homes.

Coaxial cable is faster than standard phone lines, so most of Virgin Media's deals are ultrafast. While it's less widely available than Virgin Media, Hyperoptic is another provider with its own fibre network - it's mainly available in apartment blocks in major centres. Find a speedy great-value package by browsing our ultrafast fibre broadband reviews. Speed is clearly important. But the reality is that not all of us will get the average speeds that providers quote in their ads.

We're pleased that this change has been made, but we think there's still more that could be done to improve broadband in the UK. Customer score. Superfast broadband sounds appealing.

The Battle of Issus. Fordham University. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. For more than two centuries, the Achaemenid Empire of Persia ruled the Mediterranean world.

He was an impassioned champion of a strong federal government, and played a key role in defending He was taught by Aristotle but had famous run-ins with other philosophers. In the ancient world, the young and dashing Alexander the Great led his army from northern Greece to what is now Pakistan, leading from the front, killing enemies with sword and spear, ordering executions and massacres, even stabbing one old friend to death in a drunken rage.

A career politician, he served in both houses of the Georgia legislature before winning a seat in the U. House of Representatives in Alexander Graham Bell, best known for his invention of the telephone, revolutionized communication as we know it.

His interest in sound technology was deep-rooted and personal, as both his wife and mother were deaf. The amazing works of art and architecture known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World serve as a testament to the ingenuity, imagination and sheer hard work of which human beings are capable.

They are also, however, reminders of the human capacity for disagreement, The Code of Hammurabi was one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes and was proclaimed by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, who reigned from to B.

Hammurabi expanded the city-state of Babylon along the Euphrates River to unite all of southern The term Ancient, or Archaic, Greece refers to the years B. Archaic Greece saw advances in art, poetry and technology, but is known as the age in which the polis, or city-state, was Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Where Was Alexander the Great From? Bucephalus At age 12, Alexander showed impressive courage when he tamed the wild horse Bucephalus, an enormous stallion with a furious demeanor.

Alexander Becomes King In B. Gordian Knot From Halicarnassus, Alexander headed north to Gordium, home of the fabled Gordian knot , a group of tightly-entwined knots yoked to an ancient wagon. Battle of Issus In B. Recommended for you. Philip decided to leave his year-old son in charge of Macedonia while he was away on campaign, Cartledge wrote in his book " Alexander the Great " Overlook Press, Alexander took advantage of the opportunity by defeating a Thracian people called the Maedi and founding "Alexandroupolis," a city he named after himself.

Ancient records, such as Plutarch's " Lives ," indicate that Alexander and Philip became estranged later in Alexander's teenage years.

At one point his mother Olympia was exiled to Epirus in western Greece. Philip was assassinated in B. The person who stabbed him was said to have been one of Philip's former male lovers, named Pausanias.

While the ancient Greek historian Cleitarchus pointed to jealousy and betrayal as the motive, as outlined by Diodorus Siculus in " Library of History ," other ancient sources like Justin in " Epitome of the Philippic History Of Pompeius Trogus " suspected that Pausanias may have been part of a larger plot to kill the king — one that may have included Alexander and his mother.

At the time of his death, Philip was contemplating invading the Persian Empire, also known as the Achaemenid Empire, which at its peak stretched from the Balkan peninsula to modern-day Pakistan and had repeatedly attempted to conquer the Greek world. Upon his father's death, Alexander moved quickly to consolidate power.

He gained the support of the Macedonian army and intimidated the Greek city states that Philip had conquered into accepting his rule. After campaigns in the Balkans and Thrace, Alexander moved against Thebes, a city in Greece that had risen up in rebellion.

He conquered it in B. With Greece and the Balkans pacified, he was ready to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire. While Alexander may have had his own reasons for expanding eastward, "his official reason for wanting to conquer the Achaemenid Persian Empire… was to lead the allied Greeks in a war of liberation: to free forever from Persian control the Greek cities along the Anatolian coast and on the island of Cyprus, and in so doing also to exact revenge for the Persians' invasion of Greece under Great King Xerxes in BCE," Cartledge wrote.

Nevertheless, Alexander was hugely successful against Persia. The first major battle he won against the Perisans was in B. The ancient Greek historian Arrian wrote that Alexander defeated a force of 20, Persian horsemen and an equal number of foot soldiers. He then advanced down the coast of west Turkey, taking cities and depriving the Persian navy of bases. The second key battle he won — and perhaps the most important — was the Battle of Issus, fought in B.

Arrian estimated that Darius had a force of , troops probably wildly exaggerated and initially positioned himself on a great plain where he could mass his force effectively against Alexander, who hesitated to give battle. Darius is said to have thought this as a sign of timidity. So, Darius gave up his position and chased Alexander. In his haste, Darius left much of his family behind, including his mother, wife, infant son and two daughters.

Alexander ordered that they be "honored, and addressed as royalty," Arrian wrote. After the battle, Darius offered Alexander a ransom for his family and alliance, through marriage. Arrian wrote that Alexander rebuked Darius in writing, saying "in the future whenever you send word to me, address yourself to me as King of Asia and not as an equal, and let me know, as the master of all that belonged to you, if you have need of anything.

Alexander then moved south along the eastern Mediterranean, continuing a strategy designed to deprive the Persians of their naval bases. Epic floods leave South Sudanese to face disease and starvation. Travel 5 pandemic tech innovations that will change travel forever These digital innovations will make your next trip safer and more efficient. But will they invade your privacy?

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Paid Content How Hong Kong protects its sea sanctuaries. History Magazine These 3,year-old giants watched over the cemeteries of Sardinia. Magazine How one image captures 21 hours of a volcanic eruption. Search term:. Read more. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets CSS enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets CSS if you are able to do so.

This may not be a budget model but if your painting tasks are large and often, you will wonder how you ever got on without it. The all-new Titan ControlMax airless paint sprayer is a thing a beauty, not only does it features sleek aesthetics but it also features cutting-edge HEA High-Efficiency Airless spray technology under the hood.

These spray paint guns are suitable for any painting task with the capacity to spray 1. The cart and handheld gun take the effort out of house painting and is designed to provide the best paint flow for all projects. Highly portable and lightweight at just With a maximum bar — Psi pressure that can deliver up to 19 litres a minute it will have the surface coated in no time.

When it arrives you are ready to go with no assembly needed and supplied with the best TriTech T airless spray gun and TriTech tip and guard along with the 7. The Wagner ControlPro M HEA High-Efficiency Airless is another of the best airless paint sprayers on the market and is a superb choice as it is considered to be one of the DIY enthusiast looking to tackle a variety of projects at home as well as the professional contractors who often have medium-sized painting jobs to carry out.

It is the bigger and more powerful model in the Wagner HEA product lists and is mounted on a wheeled trolley for ease of use, making it very mobile and easily repositioned quickly when using in large spaces. Sprayers are excellent tools to have at your disposal, spray painting can speed decorating jobs up by 10x and provide a much better finish than any brush or roller.

They are NOT best suited for smaller more delicate work such as windows and doors , but if you need to cover large surface areas fast such as spraying interior walls , an airless paint sprayer is what you need to buy. So just how fast are they? Numerous studies have shown that even small and cheap airless paint sprayers are x quicker than the traditional brush and roller methods, meaning a job that would normally take an 8 hour day with a brush, you can paint gun spray fashion in as little as an hour.

With that said, you will spend a lot more time with painters tape and sheets. With the speed comes some new risks though, such as paint particles left in the air known as overspray. With a spray gun, you can wave goodbye to that stress and simply point your gun and watch every crevice be nicely filled with speed, no matter how awkward it is. Check out our article on paint spraying vs rollers. The problem with brushes and rollers is they require direct content with the wall.

What people often neglect to mention is the downsides to these powerful machines. Anyone in the industry of decorating knows this first hand. They are not clean and tidy machines , a paint sprayer will spray a mist out fast and they spray it out hard. What does this mean? Overspray is paint that has either not made contact with the object your spraying or has bounced back off the object and are now a mist floating in the air. Just like all complicated power tools, they need tender loving care.

Airless spray guns are actually quite complex inside, with many moving parts, small passages, and areas that are destined to get plugged up with dry paint and debris. When you purchase your sprayer there will be a user manual included that will cover the cleaning of your particular model.

Because of the way airless paint sprayers work , and it does depend largely on the frequency of use and the size of the machine, but as a guide, most professional painters that use them frequently will need a service once or twice per year. There are probably over different models on the market, some good, some bad, some best for commercial use and some more suited for domestic use. Also, its flexible suction tube and high flow rate allow you to spray directly from a paint can.

The Magnum X5 has an SG2 heavy-duty metal spray gun with an in-handle filter and a TrueAirless nozzle, which can be reversed to bypass clogging. The stainless steel piston pump can also spray unthinned paint at notably high pressure. Graco recommends this airless paint sprayer for homeowners who use up to gallons of paint a year.

You can use it for interior walls, ceilings, doors, and trim, as well as house siding, decks, and fences. If you're someone who paints often or tackles substantial paint projects, a high-end airless paint sprayer is worth the investment. This professional-grade product has a. You can use it to paint or stain a wide range of interior and exterior surfaces, and it'll provide an even, consistent finish—no thinning or second coats required.

With an HEA high-efficiency airless system, it pulls directly from a paint can and reduces overspray by up to 55 percent. It has a foot hose with a two-story reach—but can support up to feet of hose—and a highly durable metal spray gun. Also, this resilient sprayer can last for up to three times as long as others on the market, making it worth the price tag.

It comes with a limited two-year manufacturer warranty. Weight: 10 pounds Dimensions: 5. Ultimately, this handheld sprayer is suitable for homeowners who use up to about 50 gallons of paint a year.

It has a foot hose—although it can support up to a foot hose—and holds up to 1. Paint is gravity-fed through the hose for easy priming, painting, and staining. With HEA technology, it produces as much as 55 percent less overspray, with a soft and consistent finish.

It can be used with unthinned latex paints and other stains to coat walls, ceilings , porches, fences, sheds, garage doors—you name it. Aside from a sturdy power tank stand, this airless sprayer has integrated handles and built-in storage for the gun, hose, and nozzles.

It also has a spill-resistant lid, which keeps debris and contaminants out of the paint and makes for fewer messes. Also, cleanup is easy. All you have to do is flush the gravity-fed hose with water and rinse the sprayer. With a. Plus, the pressure-control knob lets you customize your paint flow.

It can be used with unthinned oil-based or latex paint, as well as various sealants and stains. This sprayer has a foot non-kink hose and draws paint directly from paint cans. The heavy-duty spray gun evenly coats both smooth and rough surfaces, making it ideal for a broad range of DIY paint jobs. Weight: It can spray up to. This airless sprayer uses a foot hose, making it easy to reach most interior and exterior residential projects, but if you need more length, it can support up to 75 feet of hose.

It pulls paint directly from a one- or five-gallon can, which simplifies the painting process and makes for easy cleanup. For best results, use unthinned latex paint on indoor or outdoor surfaces.

With an HEA system, you can count on reduced overspray and a smooth, even finish. This product can be used for up to gallons of paint a year and is backed by a two-year manufacturer warranty.

Weight: 2. For the most versatile application possible, consider a handheld airless paint sprayer. The Wagner FLEXiO is lightweight, easy to maneuver, and good for spraying everything from unthinned latex paint to stains and sealers.

This handheld airless paint sprayer is equipped with a 1. It includes two nozzles: the iSpray nozzle is for covering large surfaces quickly and evenly, while the Detail Finish nozzle is for small areas or detailing. The Wagner Power Painter Plus is best suited as an airless paint sprayer for small to medium jobs since the paint reservoir only holds enough paint to cover an 8-foot by foot area.

However, this is a versatile paint sprayer that is perfect for spraying sheds , furniture, and any other outdoor or indoor projects you may have. Weight: 3. Admittedly, paint sprayers can be expensive. It's rated for up to 25 gallons of paint use per year. The cup holds up to 32 ounces of paint, so you can work for quite a while before needing to refill. There are two speeds: use low for careful, detailed work, or high when you want to get the job done quickly, or are covering a large surface.

It includes two tips: one with a 4-inch spray pattern, and one with a inch spray. Use the sprayer to apply just about any paint or stain. For a great all-around airless paint sprayer, pick up our best overall pick the Graco Magnum X5 view at Amazon. This powerful paint sprayer can tackle any home project, whether big or small- and eliminates the use of extra coats of paint.

If you are willing to splurge on a sprayer that is made for handling larger projects, the Titan ControlMax Pro High Efficiency Airless Sprayer view at Amazon is well worth the investment. It has a foot hose as well as extra-large wheels so it is easy to move around.

The typical airless paint sprayer is basically a stationary tool. Other airless paint sprayers, generally those used for large jobs or professional use, have stands with wheels that make it easy to position the sprayer right where you need it.

A foot paint hose is fairly standard, but many paint sprayers offer the option of upgrading to a longer paint hose, sometimes as much as feet. Many stationary or wheeled paint sprayers draw paint right out of the 1-gallon or 5-gallon paint can, meaning you can work for a long time without fear of running low on paint. Others have a hopper you fill with paint—usually these hold around a gallon.

Handheld paint sprayers, however, as well as some stationary units, have built-in paint containers that you fill before starting to work. Handheld airless paint sprayers are generally much less powerful than their stationary or wheeled counterparts. This paint sprayer from Graco sits on a cart with wheels, allowing you to move it from place to place whenever you need to put it away or paint a different area of your home.

This product received high praise for its reversible spray tip, easy cleaning process, and quiet operation. Several reviewers said that following the included instructions provided a seamless experience. Dissatisfied customers mentioned issues with paint leaking or clogging. Plus, this product features a flexible suction tube that lets you pull paint directly from one- or five-gallon containers.

Customers who left positive reviews praised the product for being easy to use, control, and clean. However, several reviewers mentioned leaks, which they suspected were caused by a faulty gasket connection. You can also control how the paint comes out of this sprayer with its adjustable pressure control and round, horizontal, and vertical spray patterns. Customers were impressed with how easy the product was to use and clean.

They said that the paint sprayer worked well with oil-based paints, giving them professional-looking results for a fraction of the price.

Plus, its adjustable flow function lets you regulate its paint output to expertly cover corners, edges, and large surfaces. Overall, the product has an average rating of 4. Dissatisfied customers said that they experienced issues with clogging, splatters, and poor suction. To find the right paint sprayer for your job, consider its reach, portability, and noise level, among other factors.

Monthly fee. We looked at 40 reloadable prepaid debit cards offered by some of the biggest banks, credit unions and prepaid debit card issuers. Where multiple card plans existed, only the basic monthly fee plan was considered.

We analyzed four categories for each card: general fees and features, purchases and withdrawals, reload fees and options, and other services such as bill pay and savings accounts.

The cards that made this list had the best combination of these categories. Some cards in this roundup have nonbank program managers that partner with banks. No cards above have overdraft fees. We also looked at three alternative, or non-traditional, accounts from financial institutions: Chime , GoBank , Moven. What the ratings mean:. What are prepaid debit cards? Prepaid debit cards vs.

Nerdy tip: If you need to build credit or have been denied a bank account, a prepaid debit card might not be the best option: Secured credit cards help build credit , and if you can't get a regular checking account, try second chance checking.

These accounts provide another shot at mainstream banking and its perks. No monthly fees. Free ATM network. Great budgeting features. Instant transfers between cards.

Multiple subaccounts for kids. Subaccounts for kids. Store-specific spending controls. Learn More. Has a savings component. Back to top. Best for ATM withdrawals. FamZoo Prepaid Card. Greenlight Prepaid Mastercard.

Earn more with the best savings accounts. Find out which accounts pay more and help you build your savings faster. Show me. Low-fee alternatives to prepaid cards. See more information from Chime. Best prepaid debit cards and alternatives: Summary.

Chime account. See full list. On a similar note Dive even deeper in Banking. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights.

Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Banking Checking Accounts. By Allison Bethell. Allison Bethell is a real estate investor, broker, writer, small-business owner, and consultant with over 13 years of real estate experience.

Learn about our editorial policies. Fact checked by Elisabeth Christopherson. Article Fact Checked November 09, Elisabeth Christopherson is an accounting professional, fact-checker, and researcher who brings years of experience to her fact-checking role at The Balance. Elisabeth has reviewed many accounting, business, and economic publications, was an Expert Reviewer for Study. Best Debit Cards for Teens. Final Verdict. Compare Providers.

How to Choose. Best Overall : Copper Banking. Open Account. Why We Chose It. Cons Few customer service reviews. Cons No bill-pay or check writing No sign-up bonus. Cons Not accepted at some retailers No linked bank accounts. Cons No physical card or ATMs access. Pros FDIC-insured Allows for budgeted allowances and parent-paid interest on savings Advanced parental controls Excellent customer service reviews.

Compare Debit Cards for Teens When searching for debit cards for teens, you will want to compare them so you can choose the one that best fits your family's needs. Some important factors to consider include: Parental controls : This is the most important criteria to consider. Make sure you have access to the account and can set up usage limits and monitor spending.

Fees : Know the fees before you sign up. There may be monthly fees, ATM fees, foreign transaction fees, and even reloading fees. Make sure you have enough to cover any fees your teen might incur. Availability : You want to consider where the card can be initially applied for and where it will be accepted.

It's not helpful to get a card that your teen can't use at most retailers. Additional features : Does the card offer anything extra? Financial literacy tools and tips are helpful for teens as they learn how to manage their money.

Rewards : If possible, choose a card with rewards such as interest paid on balances or cash back on certain purchases. Help Your Teen Use their Debit Card Responsibly As a parent, you can help your teen make the most of their new debit card, use it responsibly, and build healthy money habits that will serve them well as adults. Methodology When choosing the best debit cards for teens, we evaluated 20 debit cards and then chose the top seven contenders. Article Sources. Your Privacy Rights.

To change or withdraw your consent choices for TheBalance. You never know what the future brings and having a high credit score can be beneficial in many situations. One way of building credit history is to apply for a credit card and then use to pay for things that you have to pay for anyway, such as groceries and utilities.

There are special credit cards available for students. If you are student, especially a young student, you may find it difficult to qualify for a standard credit card.

Many students go directly to college from living at home with their parents, without having a full-time job and an independent household economy in between. With a student credit card, the student can start building his or her credit score and get used to managing credit while still in school. Student credit cards usually come with a low line of credit and no annual fee.

Some will offer perks tied to student life, e. If you have no credit history, or even worse — a bad credit score — you may find it difficult to get a credit card, especially without a cosigner. Fortunately, there is solution available and that is the secured credit card.

To get a secured credit card, you have to make a deposit with the issuer and this deposit will be used as collateral.

It often indicates a user profile. Log out. Smart Home. Social Media. More Button Icon Circle with three vertical dots. It indicates a way to see more nav menu items inside the site menu by triggering the side menu to open and close. Dave Johnson. WPA2 is currently the recommended password type for Wi-Fi routers, and lets you secure your network with a custom password.

You can find and change your WPA2 password by logging into the router's settings page in a web browser. Visit Business Insider's Tech Reference library for more stories. Dave Johnson is a technology journalist who writes about consumer tech and how the industry is transforming the speculative world of science fiction into modern-day real life.

Dave grew up in New Jersey before entering the Air Force to operate satellites, teach space operations, and do space launch planning. He then spent eight years as a content lead on the Windows team at Microsoft. As a photographer, Dave has photographed wolves in their natural environment; he's also a scuba instructor and co-host of several podcasts. Insider Inc. Once the routers address is entered and the enter key is pressed you will get a login screen to enter the routers internal settings.

This username and password to enter the router is not the WPA or WPA2 password and it is only for entering the router manually. Step 3. Once the username and password have been accepted and you are in the routers internal settings you can navigate to the security tab or administration tab depending on the particular brand of router that you have. Under the security tab you will see the various options you your networks security and you will see the drop down where you can select WPA2.

Once the entries are made and you are finished you can then exit the router. To check the password you can connect a computer or device that wasn't previously on the network to log that device onto the network. Your network now has a WPA2 secure password. Status Not open for further replies. Previous Next. Wireless Networking 2 Oct 21, Similar threads Question "Connected and secured" but no internet access? Question Apps Save Wifi Password? Post thread. Question Super giving me worse frames than a ?

Started by Small-Change Oct 7, Replies: Graphics Cards. News Comments. Question msi 6gb only 1 fan spinning constantly Started by poliplay Today at PM Replies: Latest posts S. Latest: shirstorm27 A moment ago. Question Gpu Latest: Darklegend A moment ago.

Question Ah! My parents won't buy me a single graphic card like GTX and I worked so hard in my exams I'm waiting since 2 years help me pls! Latest: Moonlight YT 2 minutes ago. In most cases, you can also obtain your network's WPA2 key by logging in to the router's configuration page. Open a browser and type your router's IP address often Press "Return," and then type the administrator username and password for the router.

If you need to find your network's WPA2 key because you are unable to connect to it using your Mac's AirPort menu, connect the Mac to the router with an Ethernet cable to log in to the configuration page and recover the WPA2 key. Consult the router's instruction manual for more information.