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Patrick T. Mottola and John A. McKinney Jr. Stephen A. The webinar will review various project structures and practical considerations for all entities involved in solar projects. Dorit F. Kressel participated on a panel at the NJ TransAction Conference in Atlantic City, NJ on April 16, , where she spoke about the legal requirements to obtain financing through the New Jersey Infrastructure Bank for municipal and county transportation infrastructure projects.

The webinar will examine intellectual property issues in the food and beverage industry and discuss infringement and enforcement, as well as licensing and leveraging protection to enhance the brand. Neha Bhalani will serve on the "Whose Recipe Is it? The panel discussion, scheduled for — pm, will explore which aspects of recipes can and cannot be protected under copyright and patent laws, the ethics of recipe writing, and strategies for dealing with those who use intellectual property without proper acknowledgment.

The webinar will review how companies can execute their security breach plan and minimize the risk. The full day program, scheduled from am - pm, will review the most recent regulatory, legislative and case law developments relevant to land use practitioners. The breakfast workshop will be held at PSEG from — am. Laurence Smith will serve as a speaker during Morgan Stanley Wealth Management's "The Transaction of a Lifetime," a workshop on how to plan a business exit on February 13, The event will begin at a.

The program explores the most pressing challenges and latest developments impacting redevelopment law in New Jersey. Ronald L. Lisa John-Basta will explore measures being taken by municipalities in New Jersey to control the dispensing, cultivation and processing of cannabis within their borders as part of the "Advanced Topics in Land Use V: Powers, Challenges, Notices and Recent Developments" webinar program being hosted by the New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education on January 23, at pm.

The conference will be held at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington, D. Roxanna Hammett will serve as a speaker during the National Business Institute's "Estate Administration Boot Camp" 2-day practical course being held on December , The program will examine how land use regulations impact New Jersey including reoccurring problems faced by land use practitioners and tips on resolving them.

During the presentation, they will review recent developments in employment law involving social media usage and the tension between employee freedoms and the rights and obligations of the employer.

The webinar will provide insight on how to address employment tax issues and concerns. The webinar will examine lease provisions landlords and tenants frequently negotiate regarding the routine use of rooftop space and will analyze practical considerations associated with a rooftop telecom lease. Please join us for a complimentary breakfast seminar to discuss recently enacted legislation that affects New Jersey employers including the New Jersey Paid Sick Leave Act and the Diane B.

Allen Equal Pay Act. Laurence Smith will serve as a speaker during Morgan Stanley Wealth Management's "The Transaction of a Lifetime," a workshop on how to plan a business exit on October 10, Abigail J. During the webinar, Abby will provide an overview of intellectual property law geared toward business owners and non-IP practitioner, including discussions of trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets, with helpful "dos and don'ts" and issue spotting tips.

Mitchell Berkey will moderate a panel during GlobeSt. Frank will be the speaker for the opening remarks. The program will feature world-class speakers — including prominent food and beverage industry executives, as well as banking, private equity, law and insurance practitioners.

Diana Buongiorno will serve as a panelist during the Brightfields - Newark event on June 19, The conference, being held at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark, will offer high-quality programming with the goal of connecting landowners and solar developers. The seminar, scheduled from — am at the Baltusrol Golf Club in Springfield Township, will review how the New Jersey pay equity law will impact employment and compensation practices for New Jersey based employers.

How Would You Do the Workout? The workshop will discuss the nuts and bolts of conducting internal workplace investigations and how modern technology and social media must be considered. Dennis will present on the "Indoor Environmental Hazards" panel on May 23, at a. To learn more about Daytop New Jersey and its mission to provide effective and accessible behavioral health services, please visit the Daytop New Jersey website. The conference will be held at the Westin in Princeton, New Jersey.

Is it Enough? The program, scheduled from am — pm, will review the current state of affairs and will present strategies for increasing affordable housing despite the proposed federal budget.

Laurence Smith will serve as a speaker during Morgan Stanley Wealth Management's "The Transaction of a Lifetime," a workshop on how to plan a business exit on April 25, The seminar will review the challenges of incorporating affordable housing as part of transit-oriented development as well as the current and future state of affordable housing in New Jersey. This inaugural program will address many of the threshold issues a lawyer must consider when advising clients on any side of the issue.

Topics addressed will include: preparing a plan; negotiating and implementing a redevelopment agreement; financial considerations; how municipalities should view redevelopment and more. Analysis of Proactive Strategies in Today's Environment" panel. John A. The seminar, scheduled from — am, will discuss how employers can avoid the legal ramifications of a social media crisis.

Trautner and Lisa A. Matthew E. Beck , A. They will be presenting on the "Federal Practice" panel on November 16th from - pm. Laurence Smith will serve as a speaker during Morgan Stanley Wealth Management's "The Transaction of a Lifetime," a workshop on how to plan a business exit on October 4, The event will focus on cyber crime defense and how companies can protect themselves. In addition, Adam P. Lichtenstein and Beth J. Rotenberg were speakers at the conference.

Lee Vartan was a presenter for Lawline. The program will cover ways of communicating with clients, judges, juries and adversaries in order to get your point across, become a better counselor and more effective lawyer. Roxy will be presenting during the "Charitable Trusts" panel on June 27, in Princeton. The meeting, scheduled from June , , will be held at the Nemacolin Woodlands Resort in Farmington, Pennsylvania. During the conference, Michelle will review the "Anatomy of a Breach Response" during a tabletop exercise.

Laurence Smith will serve as a speaker during Morgan Stanley Wealth Management's "The Transaction of a Lifetime," a workshop on how to plan a business exit on May 24, The panel discussion will cover the current state of Atlantic City, the recent failed North Jersey casino referendum and the state takeover of Atlantic City.

Adam will provide welcoming remarks and introductions on May 11 and May Pete Beach, Florida. During the roundtable discussion, Michelle will discuss cybersecurity concerns for small firms. The seminar, hosted by CSG from — am, has been approved for 2. The summit, which discusses pressing issues such as recent cybersecurity legislation and preparing against cyberattacks, will be held at the APA Woodbridge Hotel in Iselin, NJ from am — pm. Michelle will discuss strategies to secure critical infrastructure and intellectual property to protect against cybercrimes and risk.

The meeting will be held on March 29, Michelle will discuss cybersecurity concerns for businesses. The summit, an educational and networking event for professionals in the commercial equipment finance industry, is scheduled to be held from March , in Long Beach, California.

During the presentation, Rhonda will discuss various aspects of branding, protecting your intellectual property and agreements with vendors and customers. The full day program will review the most recent regulatory, legislative and case law developments relevant to land use practitioners. Laurence Smith will serve as a speaker during Morgan Stanley Wealth Management's "The Transaction of a Lifetime," a workshop on how to plan a business exit on February 15, Brian Kantar and Scott W.

For questions regarding this seminar, please contact events csglaw. During the presentation, Michelle will discuss the key elements for an effective cyber security program.

Adam will be presenting on the "Construction and Interpretation Contra Profentem and Reasonable Expectations " program. Armen and Andrew will be presenting on "Who is a Covered 'Employee'" program. CSG is proud to announce that Francis J. Jeffrey Chiesa will be a panelist during the Professionalism Day in the U.

District Court program in Trenton on October 19, The program will feature panels of judges and attorneys who will address aspects of professionalism and ethics for trial attorneys and offer opportunities for questions and dialogues. Michelle will be speaking on the Cyber Security and Sustainability Panel.

The program will provide analysis on key bankruptcy decisions from through the present and how these recent decisions will impact bankruptcy proceedings. The program will discuss ethics in the mediation and arbitration of civil, matrimonial and chancery cases. These rings usually contain three or four legs with suction cups that attach to the bottom of the tub.

The suction cups, however, may release suddenly, allowing the bath ring and infant to tip over. An infant also may slip between the legs of the bath ring and become trapped under it.

Thirty children under five years of age died from drowning in buckets, pails, and containers from Of all buckets, the five-gallon size presents the greatest hazard to young children because of its tall straight sides and its weight with even just a small amount of liquid.

It is nearly impossible for top-heavy their heads infants and toddlers to free themselves when they fall into a five-gallon bucket head first 8.

The Centers for Disease Control CDC National Center for Injury Prevention and Control recommends that whenever young children are swimming, playing, or bathing in water, an adult should be watching them constantly. The supervising adult should not read, play cards, talk on the telephone, mow the lawn, or do any other distracting activity while watching children 1,9. The need for constant supervision is of particular concern in dealing with very young children and children with significant motor dysfunction or developmental delays.

Supervising adults should be CPR-trained and should have a telephone accessible to the pool and water area at all times should emergency services be required. When eating, children should be within sight of an adult at all times. To ensure their safety and physical and mental health, children should be protected from any risk of abuse or neglect. The background screening should include All family members older than 10 years living in large and small family child care homes should also have background screenings.

Written permission to obtain the background screening with or without a drug screen should be obtained from the prospective employee. Consent to the background investigation should be required for employment consideration. Persons should not be hired or allowed to work or volunteer in the child care facility if they acknowledge being sexually attracted to children or having physically or sexually abused children, or if they are known to have committed such acts.

Properly executed reference checks, as well as in-person interviews, help seek out and prevent possible child abuse from occurring in child care centers. The use of open-ended questions and request for verbal references require personal conversations and, in turn, can uncover a lot of warranted information about the applicant.

Performing diligent background screenings also protects the child care facility against future legal challenges 2,3. The following resources can help the director screen individual applicants:. For more information on state licensing requirements regarding criminal background screenings, see the current National Association for Regulatory Administration Licensing Study at www. Accessed January 11 , Alliance of Schools for Cooperative Insurance Programs.

Best Practices for Child Abuse Prevention. Published April 15, Accessed January 11, The director of a center enrolling fewer than sixty children should be at least twenty-one-years-old and should have all the following qualifications:. The director of a center enrolling more than sixty children should have the above and at least three years experience as a teacher of children in the age group s enrolled in the center where the individual will act as the director, plus at least six months experience in administration.

The director of a center plays a pivotal role in ensuring the day-to-day smooth functioning of the facility within the framework of appropriate child development principles and knowledge of family relationships 6. Management skills are important and should be viewed primarily as a means of support for the key role of educational leadership that a director provides 6.

Past experience working in an early childhood setting is essential to running a facility. Work as a hospital aide or at a camp for children with special health care needs would qualify, as would experience in school settings. This experience, however, must be supplemented by competency-based training to determine and provide whatever new skills are needed to care for children in child care settings. Lead teachers and teachers should be at least twenty-one years of age and should have at least the following education, experience, and skills:.

Additionally, facilities serving children with special health care needs associated with developmental delay should employ an individual who has had a minimum of eight hours of training in inclusion of children with special health care needs. Seven thousand children per year require emergency department visits for problems related to cough and cold medication 7. Assistant teachers and teacher aides should be at least eighteen years of age, have a high school diploma or GED, and participate in on-the-job training, including a structured orientation to the developmental needs of young children and access to consultation, with periodic review, by a supervisory staff member.

Volunteers should be at least sixteen years of age and should participate in on-the-job training, including a structured orientation to the developmental needs of young children. Assistant teachers, teacher aides, and volunteers should work only under the continual supervision of lead teacher or teacher. Assistant teachers, teacher aides, and volunteers should never be left alone with children. Volunteers should not be counted in the child:staff ratio.

All assistant teachers, teacher aides, and volunteers should possess:. Child care that promotes healthy development is based on the developmental needs of infants, toddlers, preschool, and school-age children. This training enables the staff to provide children with a variety of learning and social experiences appropriate to the age of the child. Adequate compensation for skilled workers will not be given priority until the skills required are recognized and valued.

Teaching and caregiving requires skills to promote development and learning by children whose needs and abilities change at a rapid rate.

States may have different age requirements for volunteers. In large centers it may be important to designate health advocates at both the center and classroom level. The health advocate ensures that health and safety is addressed, even when this person does not directly perform all necessary health and safety tasks.

The health advocate should have documented training in the following:. Children may be current with required immunizations when they enroll, but they sometimes miss scheduled immunizations thereafter. Because the risk of vaccine-preventable disease increases in group settings, assuring appropriate immunizations is an essential responsibility in child care.

Child health records are intended to provide information that indicates that the child has received preventive health services to stay well, and to identify conditions that might interfere with learning or require special care. Children must be healthy to be ready to learn. A health advocate is a regular member of the staff of a center or large or small family child care home, and is not the same as the child care health consultant recommended in Child Care Health Consultants, Standard 1.

The health advocate works with a child care health consultant on health and safety issues that arise in daily interactions 4. Assistants, aides, and volunteers employed by a large family child care home should meet the qualifications specified in Standard 1. Most SIDS deaths in child care occur on the first day of care or within the first week; unaccustomed prone tummy sleeping increases the risk of SIDS eighteen times 3.

Pre-service training and frequent refresher training can prevent deaths 4. Seven thousand children per year require emergency department visits for problems related to cough and cold medications 5.

Age eighteen is the earliest age of legal consent. Mature leadership is clearly preferable. The NAFCC has established an accreditation process to enhance the level of quality and professionalism in small and large family child care 2.

In addition to the credentials listed in Standard 1. This training should cover health, psychosocial, and safety issues for out-of-home child care facilities. The National Association for the Education of Young Children NAEYC , a leading organization in child care and early childhood education, recommends annual training based on the needs of the program and the pre-service qualifications of staff 4. Training should address the following areas:. This field is one in which entry-level requirements differ across various sectors within the field e.

In early childhood, the requirements differ across center, home, and school based settings. An individual could receive professional preparation pre-service to be a teaching staff member in a community-based organization and receive subsequent education and training as part of an ongoing professional development system in-service. The same individual could also be pursuing a degree for a role as a teacher in a program for which licensure is required—this in-service program would be considered pre-service education for the certified teaching position.

In addition to Orientation Training, Standard 1. A template for a care plan for children with special health care needs can be found in Appendix O. Child care health consultants can be an excellent resource for providing health and safety orientation or referrals to resources for such training. This training may include, but is not limited to, the following topics:. Staff members need information about how to help children use and maintain adaptive equipment properly.

Staff members need to understand how and why various items are used and how to check for malfunctions. Routine care of adaptive and treatment equipment, such as nebulizers, should be taught. Before being assigned to tasks that involve identifying and responding to illness, staff members should receive orientation training on these topics.

All staff members involved in providing direct care to children should complete and document training in pediatric first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR. Courses in pediatric first aid and CPR should be taught in person by instructor-led demonstrations and practiced to ensure the technique could be performed in an emergency. Early care and education programs should follow training renewal cycles recommended by the providing organization eg, American Heart Association [AHA].

At least one staff member trained in pediatric first aid and CPR should be in attendance at all times when a child whose special care plan indicates an increased risk of cardiac arrest or complications due to cardiac disease is in attendance. While the use of automated external defibrillators AEDs on children is rare, early care and education programs should consider having an AED on the premises for potential use on both adults and children.

Pediatric pads should be used for children younger than 8 years old. Records of successful completion of training and renewal cycles in pediatric first aid and pediatric CPR should be maintained in the employee personnel files on site. Early care and education programs with staff trained in pediatric first aid and CPR can mitigate the consequences of injury and reduce the potential for death from life-threatening conditions and emergencies.

Furthermore, knowledge of pediatric first aid and CPR includes addressing a blocked airway choking as well as rescue breathing.

Repetitive training, coupled with the confidence to use these skills, are critically important to the outcome of an emergency. Documentation of current certification of satisfactory completion of pediatric first aid and demonstration of pediatric CPR skills in the facility assists in implementing and monitoring for proof of compliance.

Additional Resources:. Using an AED. Healthy Children. Accessed April 25, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infants and children with cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. American Heart Association. Part pediatric basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality. Updated Accessed December 20, The prevention education program should address physical, sexual, and psychological or emotional abuse and neglect.

The dangers of shaking infants and toddlers and repeated exposure to domestic violence should be included in the education and prevention materials. Child maltreatment includes all types of abuse and neglect of a child under the age of 18 by a parent, caregiver, or another person in a custodial role e.

Children with disabilities are at a higher risk of being abused than healthy children. Special training in child abuse and neglect of children with disabilities should be provided 2. Child abuse reporting requirements are available from the child care regulation department in each state 4.

Child abuse and neglect materials should be designed for nonmedical audiences. Education is important in identifying manifestations of child maltreatment that can increase the likelihood of appropriate reports to child protection and law enforcement agencies 5.

Admon Livny K, Katz C. Schools, families, and the prevention of child maltreatment: lessons that can be learned from a literature review. Trauma Violence Abuse. Child Maltreatment Published Violence prevention. Child abuse and neglect: risk and protective factors. Updated April 18, Child abuse and neglect prevention. Updated April 17, Accessed March 8, This training should include the opportunity for an evaluation and a repeat demonstration of the training lesson.

Orientation should be documented in all child care settings. Substitutes should have background screenings. All substitutes should be oriented to, and demonstrate competence in, the tasks for which they will be responsible. Hand hygiene techniques, including indications for hand hygiene. Diapering technique, if care is provided to children in diapers, including appropriate diaper disposal and diaper changing techniques and use and wearing of gloves.

Strategies for coping with crying, fussing, or distraught infants and children. Early brain development and its vulnerabilities. Correct food preparation and storage techniques, if employee prepares food.

Proper handling and storage of human breast milk, when applicable, and formula preparation, if formula is handled.

Bottle preparation, including guidelines for human milk and formula, if care is provided to infants or children with bottles. Proper use of gloves in compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration blood-borne pathogen regulations. Emergency plans and practices. On employment, substitutes should be able to carry out the duties assigned to them. Because facilities and the children enrolled in them vary, orientation programs for new substitutes can be most productive.

Because of frequent staff turnover, comprehensive orientation programs are critical to protecting the health and safety of children and new staff 1,2. Most SIDS deaths in child care occur on the first day of care or within the first week due to unaccustomed prone on stomach sleeping. Unaccustomed prone sleeping increases the risk of SIDS 18 times 3.

Enhancing early child care quality and learning for toddlers at risk: the responsive early childhood program. Dev Psychol. Sudden infant death syndrome SIDS risk reduction and infant sleep location—moving the discussion forward. Soc Sci Med.

To prevent and control infections of the gastrointestinal tract mainly diarrhea and hepatitis A, facilities should follow these guidelines, conduct staff education, and follow policies: a.

The facility should conduct continuing education for staff members to address: 1. Methods of germ transmission that cause diarrhea and hepatitis A; 2. Symptoms of diarrhea and disease associated with hepatitis A virus HAV infection; and 3. Prevention of diarrhea and disease associated with hepatitis A virus HAV infection. At least annually, the director should review all procedures related to preventing diarrhea and HAV infections.

Guidelines for administration of immunization against HAV should be enforced to prevent infection in contacts of children and adults with hepatitis A disease 1,2. Cytomegalovirus CMV is a viral infection that is common in children. Staff of childbearing age who care for infants and children should be provided the following information:.

Female employees of childbearing age should be referred to their primary health care provider or to the health department authority for counseling about their risk of CMV infection. Children enrolled in child care facilities are more likely to acquire CMV than are children cared for at home 2. Epidemiologic data, as well as laboratory testing of viral strains, has provided evidence for child-to-child transmission of CMV in the child care setting 1.

Rates of CMV excretion vary among facilities and between class groups within a facility. Many children excrete CMV asymptomatically and intermittently for years. Meticulous hand hygiene can reduce the rates of infection by preventing CMV transmission.

With current knowledge on the risk of CMV infection in child care staff members and the potential consequences of gestational CMV infection, child care staff members should receive counseling in regard to the risks of acquiring CMV from their primary health care provider. Question: Has the recommendation for minimum distance between a playground site and hazards, such as electrical transformers and high voltage power lines changed since the CFOC, 2 nd Ed. Answer: Yes, specific distances are no longer recommended as distances may differ according to local municipalities and states.

Please consult your local ordinance for appropriate information. An assessment of the environment at an early care and education site location should be conducted before children receive care at the site.

This includes assessment of the site prior to occupying an existing building, before renovating or constructing a building, and after a natural disaster. The assessment of the environment should evaluate safety hazards; potential environmental exposures from air, water, drinking water, and soil contamination; and noise. The assessment should include consideration of. Guidance for environmental assessments is available. Consider consulting with environmental health professionals, such as the state or county health department.

State environmental agencies can also be important resources, particularly with regard to assessment, sampling, and mitigation. Keep on file any documentation of the site assessment, sampling, and remediation actions taken. A range of potential environmental exposures may exist. These include air pollution from nearby industries, businesses, or busy roadways; noise from an airport; drinking water contaminants; and contaminants in the soil such as arsenic, lead, or pesticides from past site use.

C ontamination in the soil or groundwater may enter indoor air spaces through a process known as vapor intrusion. For example, a smelter may affect a larger area than a dry cleaner. Children can be exposed to harmful substances contained in the indoor and outdoor air they breathe and water they drink.

Additionally, children can be exposed to harmful substances in soil or dust when they play on the ground. Children have higher exposures to some harmful substances than adults due to their unique behavior, such as crawling and hand-to-mouth activity. They also eat, drink, and breathe more than adults do relative to their body size.

In addition, children are much more vulnerable to harm from exposures to contaminated materials than adults because their bodies and organ systems are still developing. Disruption of this development could result in permanent damage with lifelong health and developmental consequences. Methods to identify risks include reviewing the property history and understanding what the site was used for in the past, reviewing maps and records to determine what activities and contaminants may be nearby, visiting the site to look for indications of hazards and potential environmental exposures, reviewing environmental investigation and remediation reports previously prepared for the site, and consulting federal or state environmental agency staff about the regulatory status of the site.

Awareness of site-related environmental health risks and actions to mitigate or avoid those risks can reduce exposure to hazards that adversely affect health and development. Options to reduce risk may include reducing migration of hazardous substances to non-harmful levels or choosing a different location for the early care and education facility.

Another example is an early care and education facility proposed to be built on former agricultural land that has soil contamination from past pesticide use. To mitigate the potential exposure to chemicals in the soil, the contaminated soil could be removed, covered with pavement or artificial turf, or made inaccessible to children.

State or local environmental health programs may be able to help answer questions about identified concerns. In addition, guidance and tools have been created to assist in conducting assessments. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Choose Safe Places for Early Care and Education program has guidance to help ensure that environmental exposures are considered for early care and education facilities where children spend time.

Eco-Healthy Child Care. Safe siting of child care facilities. Accessed August 21, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Choose safe places for early care and education. Reviewed March 6, Public Health Rep. School Siting Guidelines. Pediatric Environmental Health. Environmental Law Institute. Published May Finished basements or areas that are partially below grade may be used for children who independently ambulate and who are two years of age or older, if the space is in compliance with applicable building and fire codes.

Environmental health factors may be reviewed with county or city public health departments. Playing, eating, and napping may occur in the same area exclusive of diaper changing areas, toilet rooms, kitchens, hallways, and closets , provided that:.

A usable floor space of fifty square feet per child is preferred. A review of the literature indicates that in the past ten years, there has been growing research and study into how the physical design of child care settings affects child development. Historically, a standard of thirty-five square feet was used.

Recommendations from research studies range between forty-two to fifty-four square feet per child. Comments from researchers indicate that other factors must also be considered when assessing the context of usable floor space for child care activities 1, To meet these needs, the use of activity space for each age group will be inherently different.

Child behavior tends to be more constructive when sufficient space is organized to promote developmentally appropriate skills. Crowding has been shown to be associated with increased risk of developing upper respiratory infections 2.

Also, having sufficient space will reduce the risk of injury from simultaneous activities. Children with special health care needs may require more space than typically developing children 1. Staff-child ratios i. Group size for various age groups should also be considered. They might not work against the next target. His partners at BioNTech concurred. We have to prove it for each and every infectious disease, one by one. Perhaps the scientific establishment will conclude that the technology benefited in the pandemic from a uniquely simple nemesis.

Maybe we got lucky. But luck is downstream from preparation. The coronavirus was an easy target only because science made it easy. This paper decoded the mysteries and vulnerabilities of the virus long before anybody knew that this tiny pathogen would soon shut down the world. For decades, researchers have struggled to design a workable vaccine for HIV, and many observers considered this field a dead end. Harris, the economist at MIT who authored the paper, wrote.

He points out that if one HIV vaccine had succeeded, the company behind it would have won big. Instead, all of the competitors in the vaccine field learned from collective failure and contributed to collective wisdom.

The many false starts of HIV vaccination sired an explosion of new technologies and helped usher in a possible new golden age of vaccines. We can call our record-breaking vaccine-development process good luck. Or we can call it what it really is: a ringing endorsement for the essential role of science in the world.

So many researchers, philanthropists, government organizations, and companies took a huge risk on a technology whose initial responses were marginal. And together, they figured out how to make it work. As a parable of scientific progress, I sometimes imagine the life cycle of a tree.